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Medicina tradicional-casera, herencia matriarcal

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América/México/22/07/2020/Autor: Fernando Guzmán Aguilar/Fuente: unam.mx/

Transmisión intergeneracional de consejería para la supervivencia de bebés

Ancestralmente, saberes y prácticas de “nuestras medicinas”: tradicional-popular y casera, “han pasado por género y de manera generacional, de una mujer a otra”.

Por eso, sostiene Roberto Campos Navarro, es un grave error considerar ignorante a las mamás y abuelas en cuestiones médicas. Ellas tienen conocimientos, por ejemplo, de tés curativos e incluso prácticas rituales, como “limpias”.

Cuando una mujer se casa y embaraza, otras mujeres (familiares, amigas y allegadas) les trasmiten “toda una serie de consejería para la supervivencia del bebé”, dice el investigador de la Facultad de Medicina.

“Entre mujeres se van trasmitiendo recetas de tisanas y formas de tratamiento, que son intergeneracionales”. Así, por ejemplo, de una tía, comenzó a aprender Rosita Ascencio, curandera purépecha, nativa de Puácuaro, Michoacán. Con el paso del tiempo, aprendió mucho más. Su saber y biografía está registrada en 2016 por Campos Navarro en un libro editado por la UNAM y Artes de México.

Aunque invisibilizado, las mujeres latinoamericanas (abuelas, madres, esposas) tienen un papel fundamental en la salud de la familia, ya que en AL se cuenta con un rico bagaje de medicina tradicional-casera.

Sin embargo, en nuestra América no hemos sabido reconocer ni valorar esa medicina tradicional-casera y el conocimiento que de ella tienen las madres de familia.

Un colega antropólogo y amigo de Campos Navarro se sorprendió que mujeres de clase media, mamás de estudiantes de medicina de la UNAM supieran de remedios herbolarios y prácticas curativas, pues en Italia las mujeres “ya no saben de todo esto”.

Incluso en las zonas de clase alta de la Ciudad de México, los diagnósticos y tratamientos populares los dan las mujeres del servicio doméstico.

Es un secreto a voces, según testimonios de enfermeras, que de noche y en hospitales pediátricos se realizan “tratamientos de curación de empacho”. De eso nunca se enteran los médicos, dice Campos Navarro.

Los hombres (excepto los curanderos, hueseros, sobadores y yerberos) son y están ajenos a esos saberes y prácticas. “No sabemos cómo y cuándo curan las esposas a nuestros hijos”.

Cuando sus remedios fallan, ellas recurren a especialistas en medicina tradicional o a los de la biomedicina e incluso a otros como acupunturistas. O viceversa, cuando no mejora la salud con alguno de estos últimos, recurren a la medicina tradicional.

Fuente e imagen: https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/medicina-tradicional-casera-herencia-matriarcal/?fbclid=IwAR1Pt-5s8hw76_3tRJJT1i0axMcjsOiVJNEV24OqB_qHeJq6UY-evqHLAkc

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Brasil debate educação de última hora

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América do Sul/ Brasil/ 21.07.2020/ Por: Ricardo Corrêa/Fonte: www.otempo.com.br.











Discussões de última hora sobre o Fundeb demonstram que não há políticas de Estado para a educação no país


Nada é tão representativo acerca do descaso do Brasil com a educação do que o debate de última hora sobre o futuro do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação, o popular Fundeb. Um fundo criado provisoriamente para substituir o antigo Fundef e que vigora até o dia 31 de dezembro quando, caso não seja prorrogado, deixará de existir, levando junto mais de 60% dos investimentos em educação realizados hoje no Brasil.


Percebam que não é de hoje que se sabe que o Fundeb se encerra no fim do ano e, mesmo assim, governos não se moveram para definir uma regra para o futuro. Só agora, de última hora, quando o Câmara preparava-se para aprovar uma proposta que amplia a participação da União de forma paulatina nos próximos anos é que veio uma proposta informal do governo. Horas antes da votação. E que já foi modificada de ontem para hoje.


O governo conseguiu adiar de segunda para terça-feira a votação. Alegou, entre outras coisas, que o atual ministro da educação, Milton Ribeiro, acabou de assumir e que quer participar da discussão. Ele é o terceiro ministro da Educação só neste governo. E se quer participar da discussão é a prova concreta de que não há uma política de Estado na questão. Apenas opiniões que mudam a cada governo ou, pior, a cada ministro.


No centro do debate que vinha dificultando a votação estavam dois pontos propostos pelo governo inicialmente. O primeiro empurrava para 2022 o aumento da participação da União no Fundeb. Hoje, 90% do fundo é composto por arrecadações estaduais e municipais. A União completa o bolo com apenas 10%, mesmo arrecadando muito mais. A proposta construída no Congresso amplia essa participação para 12,5% já em 2021 e ia elevando esse percentual até chegar a 20% em 2026. O governo federal, porém, queria que esse aumento ocorresse só a partir de 2022. O ano que vem ficaria no limbo. Sem Fundeb.


Havia também outro ponto de divergência. O governo federal queria tirar R$ 6 bilhões do Fundeb para criar um voucher de auxílio creche de R$ 250 dentro do Renda Brasil, o substituto do Bolsa Família. Assim, esse dinheiro seria retirado da educação pública e repassado a famílias em vulnerabilidade para que usassem os recursos para pagar mensalidades em escolas privadas.


A reação do Congresso impediu essa manobra. Com isso, houve uma costura de acordo ao longo da noite de segunda-feira e da manhã desta terça-feira. O governo recuou e aceitou ampliar sua participação no novo Fundeb já a partir do ano que vem. Além disso, em vez de fazer a transferência de dinheiro do Fundeb para o Renda Brasil, concordou apenas vincular 5% dos recursos desse fundo para o apoio à educação infantil. Além disso, topou ampliar a participação federal para 23% em 2026. Se nada mudar, há um acordo. Mas que ninguém se surpreenda se for totalmente desfeito ao longo do dia.


Seja qual for a conclusão das discussões no Congresso, certo será que a decisão tende a ser tomada de afogadilho, sem muitos estudos sobre essas mudanças de última hora. E isso, por si só, já indica que os resultados tendem a ser piores do que merece um setor que define o destino de um país.


Fonte de notícias: https://www.otempo.com.br/politica/ricardo-correa/brasil-debate-educacao-de-ultima-hora-1.2362339


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					Universidades de EEUU temen perder reputación académica
				

									

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América del Norte/ EEUU/ 21.07.2020/ Fuente: www.chicagotribune.com.






Incluso con una victoria en nombre de los estudiantes internacionales, las universidades de Estados Unidos temen estar perdiendo una lucha más amplia por la reputación de la nación como hogar de los mejores alumnos del mundo.










Los líderes universitarios lo ven como una erosión constante. Dicen que los repetidos intentos de la administración de Donald Trump para frenar la inmigración han enviado a los estudiantes un mensaje de que no son bienvenidos en Estados Unidos. Las universidades dicen que los estudiantes extranjeros están escuchando: desde que Trump fue elegido en 2016, el número de nuevos estudiantes internacionales que llegan a Estados Unidos ha disminuido 10%, después de años de crecimiento.










Ya existe la preocupación de que la pandemia de coronavirus y una desaceleración en el procesamiento de visas podrían evitar que miles de estudiantes regresen este otoño. Los estudiantes extranjeros ahora enfrentan aún más incertidumbre ante lo rápido que pueden cambiar las políticas, y por nada más que un capricho político, dijo Kim Wilcox, canciller de la Universidad de California, Riverside.










“La educación superior en Estados Unidos todavía se ve como el estándar de oro en todo el mundo, pero el acceso a ella conlleva todo tipo de riesgos”, dijo Wilcox. “Hay una sensación creciente de que simplemente no somos un lugar acogedor”.










La última política de Trump habría obligado a los estudiantes internacionales en Estados Unidos a transferirse o abandonar el país si sus escuelas tuvieran clases completamente en línea debido a la pandemia. Incluso aquellos en las universidades que ofrecen una combinación de clases en línea y en persona tendrían prohibido tomar todas sus clases en línea.










Más de 200 universidades están respaldando una demanda federal de la Universidad de Harvard y el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts. Otras siete demandas siguieron cuando otras universidades y estados apelaron la orden ejecutiva. Al final, convocados por los tribunales, las autoridades federales revocaron la medida.










Esto es visto por muchos como parte de la reciente campaña de Trump para presionar a las escuelas y universidades de la nación para que reabran este otoño, incluso cuando el coronavirus sigue aumentando.


Fuente de la noticia: https://www.chicagotribune.com/espanol/sns-es-coronavirus-universidades-eeuu-temen-perder-reputacion-academic-20200720-3mdhte2isfgqlcnndgnkzzv36q-story.html






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					Sudán dejará de castigar la homosexualidad con latigazos y pena de muerte
				

									

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Africa/ Sudan/ 21.07.2020/ Fuente: www.laizquierdadiario.com.ve.


 


El artículo 148 del Código Penal sudanés define así el delito: “cualquier hombre que inserta su pene o su equivalente en el ano de una mujer o de un hombre, o permite que otro hombre inserte su pene o su equivalente en su ano, cometió sodomía”.


Los castigos aumentan en gravedad según la cantidad de veces suceda el hecho. Si el acusado era condenado por primera o segunda vez, le correspondían 100 latigazos y hasta 5 años de prisión. En una tercera ocasión la pena ya podía ser prisión perpetúa o inclusive la muerte. Con la modificación quedan excluidos como pena los latigazos y la muerte, no así la prisión que para la segunda ocasión se incrementa a 7 años y en la tercera permanece la condena perpetua.


La medida se tomó como parte de un paquete de reformas que viene realizando el gobierno que surgió entre militares y la oposición a Omar Hasán Ahmad al Bashir, quien fue presidente del país por 30 años. La junta provisional que gobierna actualmente surgió luego de que el Ejército expulsara al gobierno de Al Bashir jaqueado por movilizaciones masivas en el marco de una profunda crisis económica.


Atravesado por esa situación es que hace unos meses se prohibía la mutilación genital de las mujeres. En esta ocasión además de reducir las penas contra la sodomía, el Gobierno ahora permite la apostasía (renunciar al Islam) que antes podía enfrentar una condena de muerte, así como también que los no musulmanes consuman alcohol en privado.


Bedaaya, la organización de defensa de los derechos LGBTQ+ de Egipto y Sudán, afirmó que el nuevo paquete de reformas es «un gran paso hacia la reforma del sistema de justicia en Sudán». El ministro de justicia de dicho país afirmó “vamos a dejar caer todas las leyes que violan los derechos humanos en Sudán».


La modificación del Código Penal constituye un triunfo, logrando que el Estado no se atribuya legalmente la capacidad de penar con latigazos y la muerte a las personas involucradas en los actos calificados de “sodomitas”. De esta manera se transforma en un nuevo piso conquistado para pelear por eliminar completamente el artículo 184 del Código Penal, dado que el Gobierno actual aún sostiene las penas de prisión heredadas del régimen de Al Bashir.


Una criminalización que atraviesa el globo


Según el informe “Homofobia de Estado 2019” publicado por la Asociación Internacional de Gays y Lesbianas (ILGA por su sigla en inglés) quedan cinco países donde efectivamente la ley establece la pena de muerte (Nigeria, Somalia, Arabia Saudita, Irán, Yemen) y hay otros seis dónde es posible que se aplique (Mauritania, Afganistán, Brunei, Catar, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Pakistán).


Haciendo un breve repaso, la ONU dejó de calificar de enfermedad a la homosexualidad hace treinta años. En 2011 por primera vez un organismo de la entidad emitía un pronunciamiento a favor de los derechos para LGBTIs. En ese momento el Consejo de Derechos Humanos declaró que “la penalización de las relaciones homosexuales íntimas consentidas constituye una conculcación de los derechos individuales a la intimidad y a la no discriminación, así como una vulneración de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos”.


Según la resolución en ese entonces había “76 países con leyes utilizadas para criminalizar a las personas por su orientación sexual o identidad de género”. Al día de hoy son 68 los Estados de la ONU que según la ILGA sostienen legislaciones que criminalizan los actos sexuales entre personas del mismo género, cifra que representa un 35% de los países adherentes a la organización.


Estas legislaciones en general hacen referencia a delitos “contra la naturaleza», la «moralidad» o el «libertinaje», si es que no se refieren explícitamente a la “sodomía” como el caso de Sudán. Se amparan de fondo en la concepción patriarcal que establece que las relaciones sexuales solo puede darse entre el hombre y la mujer en clave reproductiva, esa idea que tanto difunden los sectores reaccionarios y las instituciones de las principales vertientes religiosas del globo como el catolicismo, evangelismo o el islam.


Si bien la Organización de las Naciones Unidas hoy en día intenta aparecer como la abanderada de los derechos de las mujeres y LGBTIs, a la par lleva adelante verdaderas intervenciones militares con sus tropas (conocidas como cascos azules) que han sido denunciadas en todo el mundo por casos de violación. Por dar un ejemplo, en Sudán del Sur se abrió una investigación en 2018 por un caso de abuso sexual a cuatro menores de edad en una de las bases de las tropas de la ONU.


Si en el último año y medio se abrió paso en Sudán la posibilidad de conquistar derechos elementales y básicos para mujeres y LGBTIs, fue subproducto de la movilización de amplios sectores de la sociedad, que salieron a la calle hastiados de las políticas que solo buscan someter en el hambre a la gran mayoría de la población. Previo a la pandemia se calcula que de los 40 millones de sudaneses, la mitad vivían en la pobreza. El país sufre un gran déficit de recursos esenciales como alimentos, medicamentos y agua, y está atado a los intereses de las potencias imperialistas a través de una gran deuda con el FMI.


Fuente de la noticia: http://www.laizquierdadiario.com.ve/Sudan-dejara-de-castigar-la-homosexualidad-con-latigazos-y-pena-de-muerte


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					Australia: Students head back to school amid coronavirus nerves
				

									

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Oceania/ Australia/ 21.07.2020/ Source: www.smh.com.au.


 






Health authorities are confident hygiene and social distancing measures will reduce the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in schools as NSW students return to class for term three.


The NSW Department of Education will press ahead with the easing of restrictions in public schools, including allowing special religious education volunteers back onto campus, and the resumption of inter-school competitions and work experience.


Some principals said they were nervous students’ return would exacerbate COVID-19 outbreaks in south-west Sydney, particularly after a cluster at Al-Taqwa College in Melbourne led to 173 cases.


But Chief Health Officer Kerry Chant said the NSW Department of Education had «strong, COVID-safe practices».












«We’re very confident in the social distancing and hygiene measures that have been put in place,» she said.


Dr Chant urged parents to maintain a safe physical distance when dropping off and picking up their children, and said while masks were a personal decision for families, children often did not use them properly, which could lead to further risk.








NSW Chief Health Officer Dr Kerry Chant has confirmed 20 new COVID-19 cases were diagnosed in the last 24-hours.








«At this point in time we are not recommending that students are sent to school with face masks,» she said.


While NSW Health research found transmission rates were low between school students, a major study from South Korea involving thousands of coronavirus cases found rates were as high as adults among those aged between 10 and 19.






However, the director of the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kristine Macartney, said the Korean study looked at transmission within households rather than at school.


«What’s important to bear in mind is that households are quite different to schools,» she said. «If we stick to the health advice, I am confident we will see little transmission in school.


«As we have seen in Victoria, when the virus is out in the broader community, and we have circulation in families, communities and schools put together, that’s a different situation.»


Professor Mary-Louise McLaws, an adviser to the World Health Organisation, said Victorian health authorities were investigating the Al-Taqwa cluster, but the most likely driver was social contact between students’ families after hours rather than between students on campus.






«Authorities will start looking at whether the students are actually from family clusters, and happen to go to the same school,» she said.


President of the Parents and Citizens Federation Tim Spencer said parents were concerned about the spread of COVID-19 in the community, but «at this stage we are hopeful that the Department [of Education] will be able to manage anything that may occur,» he said.


NSW Teachers Federation President Angelo Gavrielatos said the union would continue to monitor the situation.


«As always our actions will be informed by putting the health and safety of students and teachers and principals first,» he said.


Source of news: https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/students-head-back-to-school-amid-coronavirus-nerves-20200720-p55dsc.html








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					Nigeria’s Lost Generation Needs Free Educational Data
				

									

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Africa/ Nigeria/ 21.07.2020/ Source: allafrica.com.


The British government recently promised a «New Deal» to kick-start its economy in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, calling to mind the vast investment in jobs and infrastructure designed by President Roosevelt to save America from the Great Depression.


When details of this «New Deal» arrived, it turned out that the people of Britain (649,000 of whom have lost their jobs due to COVID-19) were being offered £10 (4000 Naira) off restaurant bills for 14 days in August.


Not so much a New Deal as a meal deal – it would be like the Nigerian government trying to rebuild our economy with discounts in Mr Biggs! It was hard for me not to feel the way the people of Britain must have felt when they heard this when I heard Minister of Communications and Digital Economy Dr Isa Ibrahim Pantami announce government ambitions for a 40% cut in data prices by 2025.


Two weeks ago, I called on Dr Pantami to require telecommunications firms to make educational resources exempt from data charges to save a generation of Nigerians from having their education permanently disrupted by COVID-19.


Data is a luxury many Nigerian families cannot afford. Education is a necessity. A 40% price cut in five years time will not help Nigeria’s lost generation one bit.


In the same speech Dr Pantami announced government plans to «promote digital economy and improve the living standard of the citizenry» with an emphasis on «skill acquisition».


This is music to my ears, but during the speech the minister also boasted that broadband penetration in Nigeria has risen to 40.18%.


Dr Pantami spoke of targeting a rapid rollout of 5G capability across Nigeria – but we are yet to achieve significant 4G penetration! Indeed, with government projections stating that by 2025 only 70% of Nigerians will have any sort of internet.


The youth of Nigeria will never develop digital skills if less than half of them are able to access the internet and those who are cannot afford to. Dr Patami’s goals are the right ones and I genuinely applaud both his efforts and ambitions. And there is not getting around it – universal broadband takes time to deliver. But our children need action now. Especially those unable to access education.






One in every five of the world’s out-of-school children is Nigerian. 10.5 million of our five to 14-year-old are not in school. This is a national disgrace. And that was before COVID-19 robbed so many more children of months of education.


The COVID-19 pandemic has revolutionised digital and online education as lessons move online across the world.


But in Nigeria, many homes are not equipped to adapt to these new methods of learning. This means children who have fallen behind will never catch up, and Nigeria will continue to feel the effects of the coronavirus for long after the pandemic is over.


Some 170 million Nigerians have a mobile phone subscription, but many of those with smartphones cannot afford the data fees to make the most of the opportunities of the digital age. Many Nigerian parents will be burning through data trying to use online resources to help with their children’s schooling. When the data ends, so does the learning.


As head of the Digital Democracy campaign -Rate Your Leader, I am calling on President Muhammadu Buhari to tell our telecommunication companies that this isn’t good enough. Our app allows registered voters to directly contact their local politicians – building trust, transparency and accountability, and allowing a two-way flow of information which educates and benefits both parties. We know Nigerians want this – so tell your local leaders!


All of this is done with the touch of a smartphone button from the comfort of the home. It would take next to nothing for children otherwise unable to access education to learn the same way. But while Rate Your Leader requires minimal data, online educational resources do not.


As for the telecommunications companies themselves, free data for education should not be seen as an act of charity but a sensible business decision. It is companies like them who stand to gain most from a more digitally-skilled workforce and wider internet access. For any of our telecommunication companies with consistent modest, profit after tax for decades, this modest investment would pay for itself many times over.


Nigeria’s lost generation needs free data for education now – not a price cut in five years


Joel Popoola is a Nigerian tech entrepreneur, digital democracy campaigner and creator of free Rate Your Leader app.


Source of news: https://allafrica.com/stories/202007200630.html


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					Indonesia: HIV Discrimination In Institutions
				

									

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Asia/ Indonesia/ 21.07.2020/ Source: theaseanpost.com.


According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), HIV/AIDS in Indonesia is one of Asia’s fastest growing epidemics in recent years. As the world is currently battling a new coronavirus outbreak, old diseases such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain a threat to many.


It was reported that more than half a million Indonesians are living with HIV. Nevertheless, because of the low understanding of the symptoms of the disease and high social stigma attached to it, some are suffering in silence.


An Indonesian activist, who is also a doctor, revealed that people who have contracted HIV in the country still face rampant stigmatisation and discrimination in the workplace. This was despite the existence of various regulations that are meant to guarantee people living with HIV their basic human right to work.


Local Indonesian media quoted the doctor who has treated HIV since 2000, Maya Tri Siswati, as revealing that one of her patients recently experienced such discrimination. Apparently, the company where the patient worked had fired him soon after he was identified as being HIV-positive.


«I’ve gotten so many reports of similar incidents in other companies, proving that discrimination against people with HIV is still rampant in the workplace,» she explained to the media.


Maya, a lecturer of medicine at Yarsi University who also serves as an International Labour Organization (ILO) consultant for HIV prevention and occasionally provides HIV education at a number of companies across the country’s capital Jakarta, suggested that medical school students should conduct a survey about the violation of the rights of people living with HIV in the workplace.


She said HIV-positive people who have undergone antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and consumed ARV drugs to suppress the HIV virus, as well as to stop progression of the disease, could still function normally like people without an HIV infection.


The activist was speaking to local media on the side-lines of a public lecture titled ‘HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in the Workplace: Time to Stop!’, which was facilitated by the University of Indonesia’s School of Medicine (FKUI) late last year.


HIV Indonesia
Source: UNAIDS


Indonesia’s former health minister, Nafsiah Mboi who was also at the forum, said that Indonesia already had a number of regulations that were meant to guarantee that people living with HIV had the right to work. These regulations include the Manpower Ministerial Regulation No.68/2004 on HIV/AIDS prevention and control at the workplace. Nafsiah, however, admitted that these regulations were poorly enforced.


According to the regulation, she said, employers were obliged to – among other things – take steps to prevent and control the spread of HIV in the workplace and protect workers with HIV from discriminatory acts.


«However, we can still easily find discriminatory treatment against people with HIV in the workplace, especially when they are women,» Nafsiah said, adding that female sex workers often received «unfair» treatment from society while men who used their services could walk free from stigma.


Schools


But discrimination against people with HIV is not only present in the work environment nor is it only among adults. This is also the case with children who are either born with HIV or contracted the disease early in life.


In February 2019, it was reported that 14 students with HIV had been expelled from a public elementary school in the country following demands from parents of other students.


The headmaster of the Purwotomo Public Elementary School who, like many Indonesians, goes by the single name Karwi, told local media that the students in question had not been allowed to attend classes in the town of Solo in Central Java province.


He said that the school’s explanation on how HIV is transmitted failed to convince the concerned parents, who threatened to move their children to another school if it did not expel the students suffering from HIV.


Treatment for HIV has come a long way since the early days. Both, Nafsiah and Maya have urged all stakeholders to work hand in hand with Indonesian society to tackle discrimination against workers with HIV as they could still work like other people as long as they underwent proper medical-treatment.


Source of news: https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesia-hiv-discrimination-institutions


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