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India – Coronavirus live updates: Maharashtra reports 63,729 new Covid cases, Delhi over 19,486 in record surge

Coronavirus live updates: Maharashtra reports 63,729 new Covid cases, Delhi over 19,486 in record surge

The cumulative number of Covid-19 vaccine doses administered in the country crossed 11.72 crores on Friday as part of the world’s largest vaccination drive, the Union health ministry has informed. According to the ministry, cumulatively, 11,72,23,509 vaccine doses have been administered through 17,37,539 sessions, as per the provisional report till 7 am on Friday. Stay here for all live updates

Order of 90,000 Remdesivir injections has been placed, 2000 to be received in 2 days and another 28000 within in a week. Thereafter, we will receive 30000 injections per week. Soon, shortage of Remdesivir injections will be met.

US senators including Bernie Sanders & Elizabeth Warren write to President Biden to accept India and South Africa’s proposal for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) waiver for Covid.

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Jharkhand reports 3,843 new Covid-19 cases and 56 deaths; case tally at 1,55,115 death toll at 1,376 (ANI)

00:12 (IST) Apr 17

Amid surge in Covid cases, routine OPD and OT services to be suspended from April 17 till further order.Trauma and Emergency services, Labour and Emergency OT services to continue.Telemedicine service to be available for patients. 30 beds added in Covid-19 ward, says AIIMS Raipur (ANI)

Fuente de la Información: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-lockdown-in-india-covid-19-vaccine-cases-live-updates-16-april-2021/liveblog/82093883.cms

 

 

 

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India: What the Arrest of Disha Ravi, a Climate Activist Linked to Greta Thunberg, Says About India’s Crackdown on Dissent

What the Arrest of Disha Ravi, a Climate Activist Linked to Greta Thunberg, Says About India’s Crackdown on Dissent

Police in India have accused Disha Ravi, a 22-year-old climate activist with ties to Greta Thunberg, of sedition. Her alleged crime: helping to create and share an online “protest toolkit” that outlined how to support the mass protests by farmers in the country.

Critics of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government say the charges against Ravi are politically motivated and represent an escalation of the Indian government’s clampdown on dissenters.

“It’s a brazen move by Modi to ramp up repression and to wait to see if there are international repercussions,” says Subir Sinha, a senior lecturer in institutions and development at SOAS, University of London.

Ravi’s Feb. 13 arrest, and the connection with Thunberg, who shared the “toolkit” on social media, have brought even more international scrutiny to India’s backsliding democratic freedoms, including worsening freedom of the press and detentions of journalists, internet shutdowns and violent responses to non-violent protesters.

The farmers’ protests are some of the biggest in the country’s history, and present an unprecedented challenge to Modi’s Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government. The protests have already received worldwide attention—including viral tweets from Rihanna and Vice President Kamala Harris’ niece Meena Harris.

Here’s what to know about Ravi’s arrest.

What are the accusations against Disha Ravi?

Ravi, the founder of the Bengaluru chapter of Thunberg’s climate justice movement Fridays for Future, has been charged with sedition—the crime of inciting hatred against the government.

Delhi police say Ravi is a “key conspirator” in the “formulation [and] dissemination” of the “toolkit” document containing methods for supporting the farmers’ protest.

Police allege she also started a WhatsApp group and collaborated to make the document. “She was the one who shared the [document] with Greta Thunberg,” they said.

Thunberg has not commented.

Police said the document contained links to websites that supported a Sikh independence movement, and that the sharing of the document on social media indicated that there was a “conspiracy” behind violence on Jan. 26, when farmer protests escalated into clashes with police.

“The main aim of the toolkit was to create misinformation and disaffection against the lawfully enacted government,” Delhi police official Prem Nath said at a Monday press briefing.

Ravi told a Delhi court that she did not make the document, but she edited two lines of it, according to local media.

Warrants have been issued for at least two other activists, including Nikita Jacob and Shantanu Muluk.

Police say that the three activists held a Zoom meeting with a “pro-Khalistani” organization in Canada, referring to a Sikh independence movement, according to local media.

Why was Disha Ravi arrested?

Activists and critics of Modi’s government say Ravi’s arrest is part of a larger crackdown on all forms of dissent in the country.

“The government wants us to believe that anyone and everyone who disagrees with its views is part of some sinister international conspiracy,” Satish Deshpande, a sociology professor in India, says. “The aim is to terrorize dissenters into silence.”

Since November, hundreds of thousands of farmers have been protesting on the outskirts of the capital against new agricultural laws that aim to deregulate and open India’s agricultural industry to free-market forces. Farmers are worried they could lose business and land to large corporations. Tweets from international celebrities, including Rihanna, have been met with a swift backlash from the Indian government, who labeled the criticism propaganda. Swedish climate activist Thunberg tweeted in support of the protests, posting a link to the online toolkit Ravi is accused of helping to create.

“I think when Greta tweeted, Rihanna tweeted, they had to find a narrative to say that there is something of a threat to the nation,” says Leo Saldanha, who works for the advocacy group Environment Support Group and is also based in Bengaluru.

Gilles Verniers, an assistant professor of political science at Ashoka University in India, says that any international attention is unlikely to make the government change its stance as “they equate concessions with expressions of weakness.”

Saldanha says activists like him have lived under “the threat of excessive state action” for several years.

The most plausible explanation for what appears to be an escalation in the government’s crackdown is the continuing farmers’ protests, Deshpande says.

“The farmers’ protests are holding firm despite all odds,” he says. “The current moves show that the government is sticking to its formula of declaring all democratic opposition—or even dissent—to be acts of sedition.”

How are people reacting?

Opposition politicians, rights activists and a slew of Indian celebrities have condemned Ravi’s arrest.

Dozens protested on Monday in cities across India calling for Ravi’s release and a petition started by Saldanha’s Environment Support Group calling for Ravi’s immediate release has received more than 25,000 signatures in less than 48 hours.

The environmentalist says that the government’s attempt to silence youth activists is “not working because there’s so many have decided to speak out.”

Arvind Kejriwal, the chief minister of Delhi, called the arrest “an unprecedented attack on democracy.”

Students hold placards as they shout slogans demanding the release of Dalit labour rights activists Nodeep Kaur and Shiv Kumar along with climate activist Disha Ravi during a protest in New Delhi, India on Feb. 15, 2021.

Member of parliament Jairam Ramesh said her arrest shows the “intensifying murder of democracy in India.”

Siddharth, an actor popular in India tweeted his support. “Standing unconditionally in solidarity and support with #DishaRavi,” he wrote.

 

Fuente de la Información: https://time.com/5939627/disha-ravi-india-toolkit-arrest/

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India: The Farmers’ Protests Are a Turning Point for India’s Democracy—and the World Can No Longer Ignore That

The Farmers’ Protests Are a Turning Point for India’s Democracy—and the World Can No Longer Ignore That

 

FEBRUARY 11, 2021 9:00 PM EST
Jeet Singh is a scholar and historian of South Asia. He is an Equality Fellow for the Open Society Foundations, a Council on Foreign Relations term member, and a Truman National Security Project fellow.

For decades, the world has turned a blind eye to India’s abysmal human rights record. This approach draws from a broad perception of India as a strategic ally.

For one, the United States, like much of the global community, sees India as an important counterweight to China. They are the two most populous nations and the fastest growing trillion-dollar economies in the world. Global powers tend to prefer India because of its standing as the world’s largest democracy. At the same time, India’s adversarial relationship with neighboring Pakistan, as well as its increasingly anti-Muslim policies, position it as a bulwark against “Islamic terrorism.”

These two bogeymen—Chinese imperialism and Islamic terrorism—are the specters that have given India a free pass.

Over the past few years, however, the rise of right-wing authoritarianism has brought India’s democratic standing into question. India has plummeted in democracy metrics across the board, including the Press Freedom Index, where it now ranks 142 of 180 countries, four spots behind South Sudan and three behind Myanmar. The Human Freedom Index ranks India at 111 of 162 countries, just four ahead of Russia. This past September human rights group Amnesty International ceased operations in India following sustained assaults from the Indian government.

 

Farmers take part in a rally as they continue to protest against the central government's recent agricultural reforms, in New Delhi on Jan. 26, 2021.
The full force and authoritarian tactics of the Indian government have been showcased as they respond to the largest protest in their history. Since September, tens of thousands of Indian have gathered in New Delhi to protest three new agricultural laws that aim to deregulate India’s agricultural industry and open it up to free-market forces. While the need for reforms is urgent, farmers are concerned that the new legislation privileges corporations and harms the everyday farmer. Finally, on Feb. 2, after months of protests, the world’s eyes started to focus on the Indian government’s undemocratic measures, including press censorshipjournalist detention, internet shutdowns, and violent crackdowns against the non-violent protestors.

Hindu nationalists have used the occasion to call for genocidal violence against protestors. Twitter removed a tweet from Indian actress Kangana Ranaut that advocated ethnic cleansing of the protestors. Twitter also suspended 500 accounts that called for a repeat of the 1984 pogroms, a dark moment in India’s history.

These calls refer to a period of Indian history reminiscent of what’s happening today. In the 1970s and 1980s, Punjabi Sikhs led similar agitations that called for better government support of agriculture. Their sustained protests along with a self-determination movement drew the ire of the Indian government, which painted the efforts as anti-national. Following a disinformation campaign, the government launched a series of attacks that resulted in mass atrocities and egregious human rights abuses: the military assault on Darbar Sahib (Golden Temple) of Amritsar in June of 1984, the state-sponsored pogroms in November of 1984 following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards, and, in the decade that followed, a campaign of extra-judicial killings that resulted in tens of thousands of civilian deaths. The government of India has never acknowledged or apologized for this spree of violence, and it remains a visceral memory for many Indians, especially Punjabi Sikhs today.

Understanding the state violence in Punjab during the 1980s helps us see the grievances that Punjabi farmers have with the central government. It also shows how the Indian state deploys and enacts violence against its own citizens, and, perhaps most crucially, anticipates what might happen in India today if the Indian government is not held accountable for its current undemocratic actions.

Senior army officers at the site of a military operation ordered by Then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to remove Sikh separatists in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, India, in 1984.

Those who have been paying attention to Indian politics in recent decades will not be surprised at all. The Prime Minister of India—Mr. Narendra Modi—is also the figurehead of right-wing Hindu nationalism. Notoriously, in 2002, Mr. Modi presided over the anti-Muslim pogroms in Gujarat as the state’s Chief Minister. For his role in the genocidal violence foreign nations banned “The Butcher of Gujarat” from entering their countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. The U.S. ban was in effect for over a decade and only rescinded when it was painfully clear that Modi would be India’s next prime minister.

Since becoming India’s Prime Minister in 2014, Modi’s government has faced a barrage of criticism from human rights groups, foreign nations, Indian civil society, and opposition political parties for its treatment of minority communities. Most recently, India revoked Kashmir’s constitutional autonomy in 2019—a takeover of disputed territory in contravention to United Nations’ agreement—and oversaw extreme human rights abuses in Muslim-majority areas of Kashmir, including illegal detention, abuse, and torture. Add to these internet shutdowns, limitations on freedom of speech and movement, as well as access to information, education, and healthcare.

As with Punjab in the 1970s and 1980s, the government painted any and all dissenters as anti-national—and then persecuted them accordingly. The government took a similar approach of combining disinformation and violence in late 2019 and early 2020 when tens of thousands of Indians took to the streets to protest the Citizenship Amendment Act that critics says discriminates against Muslims who seek Indian citizenship.

Again today, Modi’s right-wing government has responded to the farmers’ protests by lying about and defaming its own citizens. Senior leaders have called the protestors “anti-nationals” and “goons.” International commentators, too, have not been spared. When global icons Rihanna and Greta Thunberg called for greater international scrutiny on Indian authoritarian tactics being used against the protestors, the Ministry of External Affairs described their tweets as “neither accurate nor responsible” and closed its statement press statement with the hashtag #IndiaAgainstPropaganda. The Delhi Police even filed a First Information Report (FIR) and launched an investigation into the toolkit linked to Thunberg’s tweet.

India is coupling government propaganda with the chilling of free speech. Recently they jailed nine journalists who reported that police officers shot and killed a protestor. Their actions, which violated international human rights conventions, prompted the Committee to Protect Journalists to issue a statement. In the words of Ken Roth, Executive Director for Human Rights Watch, “The Indian authorities’ response to protests by farmers has focused on discrediting peaceful protestors, harassing critics of the government, and now prosecuting journalists who are reporting on the protests and recent Delhi violence.”

Farmers gather next to their tractors as police stand guard at a roadblock, to stop them from marching to New Delhi to protest against the central government's agricultural reforms, in Ghazipur, India, on Dec. 1, 2020.

This time, however, Indian masses and global observers are not falling for Modi’s lies. They see that this movement is not about ethno-nationalism; rather it arises in opposition to it. It is a movement rooted in Punjabi Sikh experiences and now supported by people all across India who are tired of seeing their country and their communities ravaged by economic despair and social division. It is a movement that cuts across lines of identity—caste, class, region, political affiliation, and religion. And it is a movement led by a community with a history of being traumatized—first in 1947 during Partition and again in 1984—that knows what might be around the corner if the Indian state is not held accountable.

For those who right-wing extremists have continually disenfranchised and persecuted in India—including farmers, Christians, Dalits, Muslims, Sikhs, Kashmiris, and many others—the fears about where the current roads may lead are not based on conjecture or hypothesis. They are drawing from their lived experience—and they know that this is a fight for survival.

But this is not just India’s fight. In a world grappling with rising authoritarianism, propaganda, human rights abuses, and anti-democratic practices, quashing right-wing nationalism is in everyone’s best interest. Letting it go unchecked, especially in the world’s largest democracy, puts us all at risk. It seems like India as our strategic ally is changing before our eyes. We’re at risk of losing our ally because an authoritarian nation cannot be an ally in the same way as an open democratic society. With more than 1.3 billion people in India, we’re talking about a country that is muzzling and restricting basic freedoms for a full one-sixth of the global population.

 

Fuente de la Información: https://time.com/5938041/india-farmer-protests-democracy/

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India Farm Protests Highlight Country’s Youth Unemployment Crisis

India Farm Protests Highlight Country’s Youth Unemployment Crisis

NEW DELHI – Hundreds of young, educated men like Manveer Singh who defy the typical image of the Indian farmer are among the sea of protesters camped along a highway at Delhi’s borders to demand the scrapping of three new farm laws.

The 27-year-old postgraduate in information technology turned to farming after struggling for five years to find a job that would pay a modest wage.

Manveer Singh, a postgraduate, helps prepare a community meal for protesters in India. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

Manveer Singh, a postgraduate, helps prepare a community meal for protesters in India. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

“After my education, I was hoping to get a white-collar job, and I gave many interviews,” Singh says, as he sits outside his tractor trolley – one of scores that have turned into homes for farmers who have come from neighboring states like Punjab. “But I never got any offer that pays more than $ 140 a month.”

Violence this week in which hundreds of farmers stormed into New Delhi and breached the historic Red Fort and more clashes Friday at one of the main protest sites have raised questions about the future course of what have been called the world’s largest protests.

The farmers blame politicians for instigating the skirmishes and are vowing to persevere with their two-month struggle, which is dominated by farmers from the predominantly agricultural state of Punjab.

The young, educated people who have come on tractors and trolleys to Singhu, on New Delhi’s outskirts, highlight India’s growing problem of joblessness among young people. It is the epicenter of the farm protests.

The tractors in which farmers have traveled are seen as the symbol of their protest, in India. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

The tractors in which farmers have traveled are seen as the symbol of their protest, in India. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

As they sit browsing their smartphones and help in cooking and serving community meals, they say tilling family farms is their only security in a state where unemployment among young people at 21.6 percent exceeds the national average of about 17.5 percent.

The protest was triggered by three new laws that open up sale of farm produce to private players. The government says this will modernize a sector that desperately needs an overhaul and improve farm incomes by attracting private investment.

But protesters fear the reforms will benefit private buyers at their expense, hurting agricultural incomes, eventually forcing them to sell their land by driving them into debt. The government currently buys crops like rice and wheat grown extensively in Punjab at a fixed price.

Losing their lifeline

Young people say being exposed to market forces is particularly worrisome for them. Punjab was one of India’s richest states until a few decades ago, but its failure to create an industrial or services sector has resulted in the paucity of jobs, making farming their lifeline.

Kulwinder Singh, who has been at the protest site for two months, symbolizes the frustration of young people. His hopes of becoming a teacher never bore fruit. But the seven-acre family farm of the 32-year-old makes it possible for him to sustain his family.

Kulwinder Singh has been at the protest site in India for two months. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

Kulwinder Singh has been at the protest site in India for two months. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

“I have a bachelor’s degree in education, and after that I did another course, which I hoped would get me employment,” he says. “But there are no jobs.”

It’s a story repeated by many young people here. Since the stir began two months ago, Hardev Singh has been crawling into his tractor truck every night to spend the cold Delhi winter with other family members. Although he has a job, the loss of livelihoods during the pandemic has made him insecure.

“In case I lose my job, at least I can farm my land. If I don’t have that fallback, what will I do?” asks Singh. “I won’t even have food to eat.”

Protesters huddle inside tractors during Delhi's cold winter. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

Protesters huddle inside tractors during Delhi’s cold winter. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

Old and young farmers on the borders say the recent violence will not deter them from making the highways their home until their demands are met. The protesters have rejected the government’s offer to put the laws on hold for up to a year and a half, and they remain adamant the laws must be repealed.

Hardev Singh points to the example of some states, where allowing the sale of farm produce failed to draw investment or higher prices. “We will take the fight to the end,” says Singh. “Until the laws are scrapped, we will sit here peacefully.”

Growing frustrations

But tensions are rising at protest sites. At the Singhu border, police used tear gas and batons to break up clashes Friday between farmers and a group of people demanding the farmers vacate the highway.

Although the government has assured them that no one can take their land, the protesters remain unconvinced.

Farmers cook and serve community meals at the largest protest site outside Delhi, in India. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

Farmers cook and serve community meals at the largest protest site outside Delhi, in India. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

The anger at these protest sites, say economists, highlights India’s failure to create enough non-farming jobs for a country where two-thirds of the 1.3 billion population is under 35.

Economist Santosh Mehrotra, author of the book “Reviving Jobs: An Agenda for Growth,” calls youth unemployment “the most serious issue that the country faces.” He says India has not done enough to move people out of agriculture into alternate livelihoods.

Protesters sit on highways in India that have turned into their homes. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

Protesters sit on highways in India that have turned into their homes. (A. Pasricha/VOA)

He points out that while a number of young people in Punjab have been able to migrate due to a huge Punjabi diaspora overseas, those left behind face the challenge of underemployment on farms that have become smaller in size as they pass down to subsequent generations.

As they live out that crisis, Manveer Singh is disconsolate as he peels radishes for a community meal. “We have such a huge population that we and even our future generations have no hopes of finding a job.”

The frustration among young people poses a huge challenge to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who came to power six years ago promising development and jobs — a promise that the young people at the protest site say he has failed to meet.

Fuente de la Información: https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/india-farm-protests-highlight-countrys-youth-unemployment-crisis

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Castas, eunucos y bragas rosas para pensar el feminismo en India

“No podemos ser un muro en la frontera, sino la fisura de ese muro”, dice la politóloga india Nivedita Menon. En esta idea y en la influencia del colonialismo ahonda en su libro ‘Ver como feminista’, recién traducido al español.

En 1985, una mujer musulmana llamada Shah Bano reclamó la manutención a su exmarido ante el Tribunal Supremo de India. Tenía de su lado la legislación nacional, más precisamente el artículo 125 del Código de Procedimiento Penal, mientras el esposo se amparaba en la ley religiosa personal para no pagar más allá de los tres primeros meses tras el divorcio. La sentencia determinó que no había incompatibilidad entre la sharia y el artículo 125.

En las calles, la controversia social aumentó, con manifestantes en uno y otro sentido, hasta que el Gobierno de Rajiv Gandhi anuló la sentencia judicial y decretó que las mujeres divorciadas musulmanas quedaban excluidas del derecho a la cuota de manutención, por la llamada Muslim Women Act (el acta de la protección de los derechos sobre el divorcio), de 1986. El debate sobre un código civil uniforme dejaba expuesta una tensión ya presente en la Constitución entre los derechos de las mujeres como ciudadanas y las normas que las englobaban en el ámbito de las leyes comunitarias. Así lo explica la catedrática india Nivedita Menon en su libro Ver como feminista (en la colección El origen del mundo, de Consonni), publicado recientemente en español con traducción de Tamara Tenembaum.

MÁS INFORMACIÓN

En seis capítulos, Menon compila una serie de historias que dan contexto y perspectiva al recorrido por los asuntos del feminismo. En este caso, desde la sentencia Bano, el debate sobre el código civil común “rara vez ha resurgido en el discurso público como un tema feminista”, explica, aunque las que casi siempre salen peor paradas de este “apaciguamiento de las minorías” en temas de herencia, matrimonio y custodia son, justamente, las mujeres y las niñas. De hecho, el debate jurídico, “de modo invariable ha tendido a plantearse en términos de integridad nacional frente a los derechos culturales de las comunidades”, afirma. De ahí que su cometido sea mirar (y mostrarnos) con ojos feministas los grandes temas del mundo y los particularísimos asuntos de una sociedad tan compleja como la india.

Profunda, a la vez que ligera y didáctica, la autora india ofrece 200 páginas que van haciendo grieta en el muro de lo mil veces dicho, con nuevos puntos de vista en torno a los debates feministas que aquí nos embargan. En él se incluyen la consideración de las mujeres de la raya al medio (las casadas) de Calcuta, la de las viudas estigmatizadas como prostitutas entre los hindúes bengalíes, la apropiación militante de los insultos sexistas (como las marchas de las “putas” de Delhi y Bophal) o la campaña de protesta de las dos mil bragas (chaddis) rosas enviadas al líder ultraconservador Ram Sene. Y también reflexiones inesperadas sobre los hombres lactantes, los debates y las prácticas de la intersexualidad, la castración ritual, y la letra ‘E’ aceptada en el pasaporte indio para designar el sexo, junto a la experiencia trans de las hijras –el tercer género indio– o cómo se vincula la heteronormatividad en la formación de una nación. Y todo ello sin esquivar cuestiones que no tienen aún solución en el mundo occidental, como las increíbles (y defectuosas) pruebas de verificación de género en el deporte, la pornografía y la violencia sexual.

Otro de los puntos axiales en su libro es advertir cuánto influyó el colonialismo en la imposición de respuestas de la modernidad occidental a cuestiones de sexo y género que no existían en las comunidades del sur de Asia y África, como pueden ser la idea de que “la naturaleza existe de forma separada de los seres humanos; la concepción de los cuerpos como pertenecientes por completo y de manera natural a un sexo o el otro; la idea de que el hermafroditismo es una enfermedad, y el concepto de que el deseo fluye naturalmente sólo entre sexos opuestos”.

La familia como institución tiene por función perpetuar formas patrilineales de propiedad y descendencia, en las que la propiedad y el apellido de la familia fluyen de los padres a los hijos varones

Nivedita Menon, que trabaja como profesora de Pensamiento Político en la Universidad Yawaharlal Nehru, en Delhi, ha escrito otros libros sobre feminismo y sexualidad, es traductora del hindi y el malayo al inglés, además de una activa participante de movimientos ciudadanos en India y fundadora de la plataforma colectiva Kafila onlineVer como feminista se publicó en inglés en 2012, el fatídico año en que se produjo la violación múltiple y el asesinato de una mujer en un autobús en Delhi, conocido como el caso Nirbhaya.

El título que eligió para la que fue su primera publicación no académica parafrasea al libro Seeing like a state del profesor de Yale, James C. Scott, en el que éste examina los fallos autoritarios de las políticas públicas. Menon también analiza, de manera amena pero profunda, los “modos generizados de poder” o las políticas institucionales y los procesos sociales en los que el género resulta subestimado como variable en la India contemporánea, que es también el mundo contemporáneo. “En este libro me baso en investigaciones y activismos feministas que pertenecen a mi parte del mundo para entablar conversaciones con debates y experiencias feministas de ámbito global”, señala. De esta reflexión se desprende, a su juicio, que los compromisos con otros feminismos sean inevitables.

Una causa que solo puede ser colectiva

“El feminismo nunca puede identificarse con los logros aislados de mujeres aisladas”, asegura la pensadora, que asume que su función no es estabilizar sino “desestabilizar”. La figura que dibuja esta noción se halla en el poema en indostánico de Kamla Bhasin, que cita: No soy el muro que se yergue en la frontera, soy la fisura en ese muro.

“Cuanto más entendemos, más se mueven nuestros horizontes”, escribe Menon, que con esta frase parece advertir que no se ahorrará complicaciones a la hora de abordar cualquier asunto, por espinoso que resulte. Así, arranca con el apartado de la familia, que en la India no solo involucra a esta unidad de “vigilancia” de la “sexualidad legítima, orientada a la procreación”, sino también a lo que concierne al nombre y la dote y, especialmente, a las violencias desatadas contra los que se atreven al amor entre castas o con la religión incorrecta (los llamados crímenes de honor). En este terreno, la Ley de Reconocimiento de castas y tribus (para la prevención de atrocidades) de 1989 atiende lo relativo a la violencia sexual habitual que sufren las mujeres de las comunidades indígenas dalit y adivasi, derivada del orden de castas del hinduismo, según explica la politóloga. Por lo demás, la familia como institución tiene por función “perpetuar formas patrilineales de propiedad y descendencia, en las que la propiedad y el apellido de la familia fluyen de los padres a los hijos varones”, añade.

Dentro de este mismo capítulo, incluye a las empleadas domésticas, y no precisamente porque en su país formen parte del núcleo afectivo, sino más bien por todo lo contrario. Algo que pareció constatar la primera encuesta nacional de la India dirigida a trabajadoras sexuales no sindicalizadas: “el 71% de ellas afirmó haberse cambiado voluntariamente al trabajo sexual tras probar otros tipos de trabajo más esforzados y peor pagados; la categoría mayoritaria entre estos empleos previos era la de trabajadoras domésticas”. La autora remata: “aquí el trabajo contiene los peores aspectos del feudalismo y el capitalismo”.

Desmontando el género como categoría universal

Tras la familia, vienen el cuerpo y el deseo, con un punto de vista que nos obliga a relativizar todas las categorías grabadas en piedra en Occidente. “¿Fue el eje sexo/género un criterio universalmente relevante de diferenciación social? Es decir: ¿todas las sociedades en toda época y todo lugar establecieron diferencias entre varones y mujeres sostenidas en cuerpos estables?”, se pregunta Menon. Para responder a estas cuestiones, ella ausculta los corazones de otras latitudes, citando a la académica nigeriana Oyeronke Oyewumi, que arguye que los antropólogos occidentales –incluidas las antropólogas feministas– han tenido dificultades para entender la sociedad africana en sus propios términos, de acuerdo con la conceptualización de los yorubas u otras culturas precoloniales, “porque supusieron que las identidades y jerarquías de género eran universales: ‘si el investigador supone el género, entonces encontrará categorías de género, tanto si existen como si no’”.

El feminismo no va de un momento de triunfo final, sino de una transformación gradual el campo social tan decisiva que las antiguas demarcaciones cambien para siempre

Estos supuestos particulares de Occidente –como el azul/niño y rosa/niña– fueron erróneamente atribuidos a sociedades para las que jamás tuvieron el mismo significado. Así, entre los igbo, en épocas precoloniales, las hijas podían “asumir papeles masculinos y convertirse en hijos, y las mujeres ricas podían obtener esposas”. En las culturas amerindias, por su parte, había gente llamada dos-espíritus, aludiendo a personas especiales que ostentaban al mismo tiempo un alma femenina y una masculina y que, “muchas veces, eran las consideradas las visionarias, las sanadoras”. Asimismo, los poetas místicos del movimiento bhakti de la India, en la región del pueblo tamil, “experimentaban una suerte de deseo de Dios que viaja a través del cuerpo y lo reconfigura”. Y esta misma flexibilidad de género de otras sociedades premodernas podría aplicarse al criterio de la edad cronológica de las personas, cuando hay sociedades en las que “la edad siempre es relativa y sensible al contexto”, porque se basa en otras interrelaciones. “Los investigadores occidentales tienden a privilegiar las identidades fundadas en el cuerpo”, sostiene Menon.

La profesora india desgrana las mil y una razones para considerar que lo que se entiende por masculinidad y femineidad varía en diferentes culturas, reafirmándose en que “el sexo es a la naturaleza lo que el género es a la cultura”. Del mismo modo, pone en cuestión expresiones como “empoderamiento de las mujeres” –tan presente en las campañas de las autoridades– frente a “feminismo”, porque “el feminismo no va de un momento de triunfo final, sino de una transformación gradual el campo social tan decisiva que las antiguas demarcaciones cambien para siempre”.

El feminismo no solo puede ser adoptado por las mujeres, toda vez que se trata de una potente perspectiva política para examinar todos los órdenes del mundo, así como una forma de vida por la que se va “formateando” todo lo que sucede bajo una superficie social aparentemente pulida. El feminismo, según Nivedita Menon, es lo que “sigue viniendo”.

Fuente: https://elpais.com/planeta-futuro/2021-01-17/castas-eunucos-y-bragas-rosas-para-pensar-el-feminismo.html

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India: El enfoque armonioso de la vida de un estado Indio

El enfoque armonioso de la vida de un estado Indio

En Mizoram, en el noreste de la India, la armonía y la sostenibilidad de la sociedad, más que la riqueza económica, son los objetivos más valorados en la vida.

Mi investigación me había dicho que Reiek Peak en Mizoram, el estado del noreste de la India, domina las colinas y llanuras circundantes de Bangladesh. Pero en octubre pasado, cuando finalmente llegué a la cima después de una hora de caminata a través de una jungla verde musgo, la niebla cubrió la vista y no vi nada más que una espesa blancura. «Lo siento mucho, el tiempo es tan malo hoy», dijo mi conductor, sintiendo mi decepción.

Luego nos adentramos más profundamente en el exuberante y verde campo de Mizoram. Cada vez que nuestro automóvil chocaba con un bache, mi conductor se disculpaba por las malas carreteras. A lo largo de los estrechos carriles en forma de horquilla, todos los vehículos cedieron el paso entre sí. Los conductores reconocieron la cortesía diciendo » ka lawm e «, «gracias» en el idioma local Mizo o Duhlian.

Esta fue mi primera impresión de Mizoram: los mizos se preocupan por el bienestar de los demás.

Mi impresión se hizo más fuerte durante las conversaciones que tuve con mi conductor. Me contaba cómo una billetera perdida o el efectivo olvidado en el cajero automático regresaban al propietario. «Quien usa el cajero automático luego sube una foto y comparte los detalles en nuestros grupos de WhatsApp. Y encontraremos al dueño para que le devuelva su billetera o dinero», dijo.

Durante el mes que pasé en Mizoram bebiendo té negro en las casas de Mizo y charlando con mis anfitriones después de las comidas, poco a poco comencé a descubrir la forma de vida de Mizo. Es tan único que los Mizos tienen una palabra para describirlo : tlawmngaihna .

«Tlawmngaihna es un código de conducta. En el nivel más básico, significa ser honesto, amable y servicial con los demás. Pero en un nivel más amplio, se trata de ser desinteresado. Se está poniendo la comunidad sobre uno mismo», explicó Golan Naulak, director del programa. en Integrated Mountain Initiative , una organización que promueve el desarrollo sostenible en el Himalaya indio. «Es parte integral del pueblo Zo [un grupo étnico tibeto-birmano del cual los mizos son un subgrupo]».

Junto con otros siete estados, Mizoram («Tierra de los Mizos») pertenece a la región noreste de la India, que se extiende desde el Himalaya cubierto de nieve justo debajo del Tíbet hasta las exuberantes llanuras ribereñas de Bangladesh, y limita con las selvas de Myanmar hasta el este. Se cree que los mizos, después de una serie de migraciones históricas a través de China y Myanmar, se establecieron aquí alrededor de los siglos XVI al XVIII y vivieron en sociedades comunitarias muy unidas.

Mizos no tenía un guión escrito antes de la colonización británica en el siglo XIX. Como resultado, gran parte de su historia está envuelta en misterio. «Es difícil rastrear los inicios de tlawmngaihna», dijo Naulak, «pero ha sido un código operativo en la sociedad Mizo durante mucho tiempo».

Al vivir en aldeas remotas de Mizo, la ética social como tlawmngaihna era fundamental para la vida de Mizo. Mizos sostiene la idea de que estos valores todavía se practican porque Mizoram, a diferencia de otros estados indios, sigue siendo en gran parte homogéneo. Con una población de poco más de un millón, lo que lo convierte en el segundo estado menos poblado de India, Mizoram casi se siente como un país diferente al resto de India.

Tlawmngaihna es una hermosa manifestación de filantropía social

Bajo los colonizadores británicos, Lushai o Mizo Hills, como se conocía entonces a la región, era parte de la provincia más grande de Assam, y solo obtuvo el reconocimiento como un estado separado en 1987, cuatro décadas después de la independencia de la India. Durante la administración británica, los colonizadores británicos introdujeron la Regulación de la línea interior , que restringía la entrada de forasteros a Mizo Hills pobladas por tribus. Los británicos afirmaron que esta regla era para proteger los derechos y la cultura de los pueblos tribales, pero posteriormente ayudó a los colonizadores.en sus actividades comerciales impidiendo el comercio de los indios del continente. Esta regulación, que continúa hasta el día de hoy, significa que todo indio que no sea de Mizoram requiere un permiso para ingresar, estudiar y trabajar aquí, y limita la afluencia de visitantes, una razón por la que Mizoram sigue siendo una sociedad relativamente insular.

Alrededor del 44% de los indios hablan hindi como lengua materna, según The Hindu , pero en Mizoram, el hindi tiene poca o ninguna presencia, y el mizo y el inglés son los idiomas oficiales del estado. Y aunque los mizos precoloniales eran animistas, durante la época colonial la mayoría de ellos fueron convertidos por misioneros galeses y hoy casi el 90% de los mizoram son cristianos. Si bien los límites políticos y geográficos unen a Mizoram con la India, los valores socioculturales que se encuentran aquí siguen siendo dispares tanto de otros estados del noreste de la India como del resto de la nación. Por lo tanto, existe un fuerte sentido de ser Mizo y una necesidad de proteger los valores y la forma de vida de Mizo.

La profesora asistente Ruth Lalremruati, que enseña literatura Mizo en la Universidad Mizoram en Aizawl, me dijo que estos valores distintivos de Mizo se han transmitido de una generación a otra. Las madres enseñaban a sus hijas a practicar tlawmngaihna, y los jóvenes mizo solteros se quedaban juntos en una casa en una tradición conocida como zawlbuk . «En el dormitorio de este soltero, los muchachos aprendieron sobre los valientes guerreros Mizo que se auto-escarificaron para el beneficio de toda la comunidad», dijo. «Aprendieron a compartir comidas entre ellos y ayudar a otros durante el cultivo de jhum (agricultura de tala y quema)».

Pero durante la administración británica, cuando desapareció la práctica del zawlbuk, Mizos se dio cuenta de que necesitaban una institución para la preservación de sus costumbres y valores. Como resultado, la Asociación de Jóvenes Lushai se estableció en 1935, luego renombrada como Asociación de Jóvenes Mizo (YMA). Desde entonces, YMA, con más de 800 sucursales en Mizoram, opera como la organización sin fines de lucro más grande del estado, con un enfoque en inculcar el espíritu de tlawmngaihna.

En la sociedad Mizo más grande, los miembros de YMA son los portadores de la antorcha de tlawmngaihna, dijo Naulak. «Su trabajo de caridad se extiende a toda ocasión, como cuando se construye una carretera, derrumbes o funerales. YMA comunica el mensaje en la localidad y todos vienen a ayudar».

En su tesis de doctorado de 2010 en la Universidad de Birmingham, el académico de Mizo Lawsamnga señala que tlawmngaihna es el principio subyacente de la sociedad comunitaria Mizo, donde los miembros practican la «decisión por consenso». Aquí, escribe, la armonía y la sostenibilidad de la sociedad, más que la riqueza económica, son los principales objetivos del desarrollo. Naulak está de acuerdo: «Tlawmngaihna es una hermosa manifestación de filantropía social. En las aldeas, si alguien está construyendo una casa, todo el mundo ayuda voluntariamente. La gente rara vez contrata mano de obra».

Les digo a mis amigos de la India continental que Mizoram es el estado más fascinante de la India.

Es este espíritu de ayudar a otros lo que jugó un papel durante la hambruna en Mizo Hills en 1958-60. Cuando Mizos recibió poco o ningún apoyo del gobierno indio, compartieron todo lo que tenían entre sí para sobrevivir. «En Mizo, decimos, ‘ sem sem dam dam, ei bil thi thi’(los que acumulan morirán, pero los que comparten vivirán) «, dijo Fanai Zokima, un entrenador de tenis de mesa retirado que era un niño de 10 años durante la hambruna. Zokima vivía en una aldea remota llamada Cheural, donde tenían que caminar por un día para llegar a la carretera transitable más cercana. Cuando la comida escaseaba y las donaciones de arroz no les llegaban, los jóvenes se adentraban en la selva en busca de comida. “Compartíamos lo que teníamos. Nuestras madres recogieron alimentos en grupos. Por la noche, reunían y dividían sus colecciones en partes iguales «, dijo Zokima,» esta es la razón por la que sobrevivimos «.

Este espíritu Mizo de ayudar a los demás no solo se observa en situaciones de crisis. «Los mizos también se ayudan unos a otros en ocasiones alegres», dijo Lalremruati, refiriéndose a las ceremonias matrimoniales, las fiestas de las aldeas y los festivales religiosos. «Si hay una boda, los vecinos vienen y nos preguntan cómo pueden ayudar. Preparan la comida y ayudan a la familia de la pareja con las decoraciones». Este estilo de vida de comunidad sobre sí mismo, confirmó, no solo se trata de ayudar a los necesitados, sino también de ser honesto y cortés.

Mientras montaba en la parte trasera de una bicicleta durante horas en la capital, Aizawl, me di cuenta de lo que hablaba Lalremruati. Mientras que en la mayoría de las ciudades indias se encuentran escenas de atascos caóticos y bocinas a todo volumen, en las estrechas carreteras de Aizawl las bicicletas, los automóviles y los autobuses permanecen en sus carriles sin adelantarse entre sí. Es la única ciudad de la India donde no se escuchan los bocinazos incesantes; Hace unos años, Aizawl adoptó una política no oficial de no tocar la bocina. «La gente se unió y decidió que querían que su ciudad estuviera libre de ruidos», dijo Naulak.

Si bien tlawmngaihna funciona como la base de la sociedad Mizo, no está ni legislado ni aplicado. «Mira, no es un código escrito. No es una regla. Está mucho ahí, pero no está ahí», se rió Naulak. «Es parte de la identidad de Mizo», dijo. «Si adelantas a alguien en la carretera, otros te preguntarán: ‘¿Eres Mizo?'».

Debido a su naturaleza implícita, y a medida que la gente se movía hacia un estilo de vida más urbano, muchos mizos mayores pensaron que el espíritu de tlawmngaihna había comenzado a desaparecer. «Pero por lo que veo, está muy vivo en la sociedad Mizo. Es parte de la sangre Mizo», dijo Lalremruati. «Sin embargo, cuando nuestros estilos de vida cambiaron, la forma en que practicamos tlawmngaihna cambió. Puede que no tengamos tiempo para pasar la noche en un funeral, pero tlawmngaihna está ahí. [La] pandemia de Covid-19 lo demostró».

En abril, durante el encierro en India cuando un Mizo se llevó el cadáver de su amigo a casa desde Chennai, viajando más de 3.000 km en una ambulancia, el ministro principal de Mizoram, Zoramthanga , tuiteó : «Acabas de mostrar lo que significa cada latido de Mizo cuando se trata de el término ‘Tlawmngaihna!’. » Durante la pandemia, agregó Lalremruati, los jóvenes se ofrecieron como voluntarios como trabajadores de primera línea y miembros del grupo de trabajo poniendo en riesgo su salud. «Sacrificaron su tiempo, salud y, a veces, incluso dinero, y no esperaban nada a cambio».

Como muchos padres de Mizo, Lalremruati les enseña a sus hijos los valores de Mizo. Ella cree que los jóvenes Mizos están siguiendo los pasos de sus antepasados, como la legendaria guerrera Mizo Taitesena. «Abnegada y valiente», dijo, «cuando trabajas por el bienestar de la comunidad, pones ‘nosotros’ antes que ‘yo’. Cuando te preocupas por el bienestar de los demás, te conviertes en una persona tlawmngai. Esa es la forma más elevada de honor en la sociedad Mizo «.

Naulak y otros en Mizoram están de acuerdo en que tlawmngaihna es un hermoso concepto social. «Les digo a mis amigos de la India continental que Mizoram es el estado más fascinante de la India», dijo Naulak, «debido a su fuerte negativa a copiar y pegar lo que hace India. Simplemente no lo hacen. No quieren hacerlo». Se aferran a sus valores [como tlawmngaihna] por lo que siguen siendo Mizo «.

Por qué somos lo que somos es una serie de viajes de la BBC que examina las características de un país e investiga si son ciertas.

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Fuente de la Información: http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20210110-an-indian-states-harmonious-approach-to-life?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2F

 

 

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How India’s competitive exam-prep treadmill ground to a halt

How India’s competitive exam-prep treadmill ground to a halt
In India’s brutally competitive testing culture, students focus on exam prep for years. But, despite their best intentions to study for success, the pandemic had other plans for them.

Early on 10 December, more than half a million students from across India tuned into a live address by the education minister, broadcast simultaneously on Facebook and Twitter. #EducationMinisterGoesLive was meant to address students’ concerns about upcoming university-entrance examinations, which have been shrouded in uncertainty due to the pandemic.

Although touted as an interactive session, it largely featured two parties talking past each other. The minister praised India’s education system for surmounting pandemic-related challenges, even as the livestream’s comment boxes were flooded with panicked students insisting that they were struggling to cope and that exams must be postponed.

Campaigns demanding exams be delayed have been a near-permanent fixture on Indian social-media timelines since the initial Covid-19-enforced lockdowns forced the suspension of all exams in March. The most crucial among the deferred exams were the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) and the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET), which determine eligibility for courses in the fields of engineering and medicine.

Education is a brutally competitive arena in India, and competition in the STEM fields is toughest. The prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) accept only one in 50 applicants. (For perspective, Harvard takes one in 19, and Oxford, one in six.) With hundreds of thousands of students applying every year, exams like the JEE and the NEET are specifically designed to eliminate large numbers of candidates. Losing a mark or two can mean sliding thousands of ranks down the pecking order.

Government attempts at rescheduling examinations have been met with protests by students demanding further postponement or cancellation (Credit: Alamy)

Government attempts at rescheduling examinations have been met with protests by students demanding further postponement or cancellation (Credit: Alamy)

To bend these seemingly impossible odds in their favour, students often spend most of their teenage years preparing for these exams. Most enrol in coaching institutes that specialise in training students to ‘crack’ the exams, prioritising exam prep to the exclusion of all other pursuits. It’s all in the hope that admission at a name-brand college like an IIT will set them up for a successful career. Graduates hired out of the best of these colleges receive salaries of around $50,000 on average. It’s a prize considered well worth the effort in a nation where the per capita income is just above $2,000.

However, this year, most of these students have had their standard exam preparation derailed by Covid-19, lockdowns and an uneven shift to online education. During the hour-long interaction with the minister, students complained that patchy internet connections and the stilted nature of learning over video had made classes difficult to follow and doubts impossible to clarify. The end result for many was that while they had ostensibly been taught the syllabus, they had understood little, and were woefully unprepared for the most crucial exams of their lives.

Operating almost entirely without regulation, India’s coaching institutes represented a $4bn industry by 2015. These institutes come in all shapes and sizes, from large chains with operations across the country to smaller mom-and-pop operations that cater to their immediate neighbourhoods. In some cases, the local economies of entire towns are dependent on their reputation as a hub for coaching centres. The most famous of these, Kota in the state of Rajasthan, attracts an estimated 100,000 students every year.

The prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology accept only one in 50 applicants; for perspective, Harvard takes one in 19, and Oxford, one in six

“Their only focus is preparing you for the university entrance exams,” explains Bindu Tirumalai, who works with the Centre for Education Innovation and Action Research at the Tata Institute for Social Sciences in Mumbai. “What they’re teaching students is how to crack these multiple-choice questions. They know them so well now – how they are designed, how to recognise patterns, how to eliminate definitely wrong answers, narrow down the options – these are the kind of design ideas they use, and they’re really good at it.”

Some coaching centres are extremely difficult to get into, even setting their own entrance exams. And the culture is notoriously exhausting. Ravali Prasad Edara, who got into an IIT in the early 2000s through a coaching institute and is now a teacher with a large coaching chain, describes the years she spent preparing for the JEE as “gruelling”. The classes she attended, in the city of Hyderabad, would start at 0400 and end at 1000, after which students could attend school. There were also strict dress codes and socialisation guidelines. She says, “Whether it was me back then, or whether it is the students I’m coaching now, there is absolutely no social life.»

Attending these coaching classes is a substantial commitment – but many students consider spending years on this arduous hamster wheel worth it if it translates into a coveted place at a top educational institution. But, despite students’ best intentions to revise, the pandemic had other plans for their exam preparation.

A busy coaching centre in the city of Lucknow advertises the successes of its former students (Credit: Alamy)

A busy coaching centre in the city of Lucknow advertises the successes of its former students (Credit: Alamy)

“When the lockdown was imposed, my daily study schedule was devastated, and I lost interest in studying. I was more concerned about tracking when the exam would be scheduled,” says Deepshikha, 19, who spent nearly four years preparing for the exam, juggling school with the demanding schedule of a coaching centre for two of those years.

Although most coaching centres finished teaching the syllabus before the lockdown was imposed, students lost out on time usually reserved for revision and mock tests. “With the switch to online mode, we struggled a lot,” says Asvini Thilai, 18, who took a year off after completing school to focus on preparing for the NEET. Although Thilai comes from the southern city of Chennai, she enrolled in a coaching centre in Delhi because she believed that living in a competitive environment would make her study harder. When lockdown was imposed, she had to return home, which was difficult. “Many couldn’t get used to it. Some couldn’t focus on studying because they lived with large joint families, while some had technical issues.”

According to Edara, the unique conditions the pandemic created affected students used to the rigorous discipline of the coaching centres. “These students have been forced to just study, study, study for years together. There’s little else to their lives. They hardly get 10 days off in a year, every Sunday they’re writing exams,” she says. “When you offer them that freedom midway, they’re obviously going to grab it. So, they stopped studying, they were watching a lot of TV, and they were trying to catch up on all the missed movies over the last few years.”

These students have been forced to just study, study, study for years together. There’s little else to their lives – Ravali Prasad Edara

After months of limbo, the government announced that both the NEET and JEE exams would be held in September, leading to intensified protests by students and reports of a number of suicides. Despite mounting pressure, Prime Minister Narendra Modi side-stepped the issue, choosing to use his monthly address to the nation to appeal to Indians to adopt native dog breeds instead. Students registered their protest by hitting the dislike button more than 800,000 times on a YouTube upload of the broadcast, which prompted the PM’s official channel to disable the functionality.

Jyotiraditya Raman Singh, who lives in Lucknow in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, took the JEE in September. “I had to think about protecting myself from the virus and deal with the pressure of giving a big exam at the same time. In the exam centre, students and invigilators come from everywhere – so there was a huge fear of getting infected, which kept playing on my mind.” The pandemic severely hampered his preparations, and he failed to make the cut at any of the top engineering colleges he had hoped to get into.

For Deepshikha, this year was her second and final crack at the JEE. Her score wasn’t sufficient to get her into an IIT; she thinks she will now have to settle for a second-rung university in her home state of Jharkhand. Thilai, who attempted the NEET this year, also didn’t do as well as she had hoped. She is now in the process of applying to dental colleges, which have slightly lower eligibility criteria.

A student's temperature is taken before she enters a test centre to write the NEET in Kolkata (Credit: Alamy)

A student’s temperature is taken before she enters a test centre to write the NEET in Kolkata (Credit: Alamy)

The National Testing Agency, which conducts the JEE, has declared that students will be offered four attempts at the exam next year instead of the usual two. However, in order to accommodate the extra rounds, the 2021 exam schedule will begin from February instead of April. There’s been no official word on NEET yet, but it seems unlikely that it will be postponed either. Despite many coaching centres still being shut or operating online, and India closing in on 10 million Covid-19 cases, in a few months, students will be expected to travel to test centres to take their exams.

“They’re not prepared,” says coaching teacher Edara. “They’ve had online classes for five months, but they’re telling us they never studied at home, they just listened to classes or half the time they just muted us.” It’s little wonder, then, that social media is once again filled with demands for exams to be postponed.

Yet while the scheduling debate rages, there is little talk of re-evaluating the systemic issues in India’s higher education system – such as the lack of sufficient university seats and the resulting overemphasis on cracking exams at the cost of actual learning.

“The crisis could have been used to rethink the system, but it hasn’t panned out that way,” says Soumitra Pathare, a psychiatrist and Director of the Centre for Mental Health Law and Policy at the ILS Law College. Rather than long-term solutions, Pathare says the focus of public discourse has been around whether cancelling or further delaying exams would amount to wasting a year. “There’s one thing that has really killed a lot of hopes for young people this year and that is the uncertainty. It would’ve helped to have had a clear plan right from the beginning as to whether the exams would be held and when. Because if there’s anything that breeds anxiety, it’s uncertainty.”

For Rishit Polepeddi, a 17-year-old student from Hyderabad, next year’s JEE is a “career defining moment” for which he will be inadequately prepared. “Online classes haven’t been very useful. Our syllabus isn’t even half complete, and it’s very hard to understand even what has been taught because there’s no real interaction with the teachers.”

Disappointed with his coaching centre, Polepeddi has engaged a private tutor and turned to YouTube tutorials to help him make up the slack. “I think I may be able to complete the syllabus by myself by the exam date. If that doesn’t happen, then I will have to drop out and try again next year.”

Fuente de la Información: https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201214-why-indias-competitive-testing-treadmill-never-stops

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