Observatorio Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Organismos Multilaterales, Bancas de
Desarrollo, Corporaciones Tecnológicas y Filantropía
Escenario Económico Internacional del 20-07-2022
Temas centrales: UE, Rusia, NORDSTREAM, India, Brasil, México, Venezuela, Apple, China, Halliburton, Euro
Europa descongela recursos de Banca Rusa: la UE ha decidido descongelar fondos de Bancos Rusos en el exterior.
BCE plantea subir tasas de interés: se prevé que el Banco Central Europeo suba a 0,5%, el doble de lo que se había estimado.
2000% de subida del endeudamiento de Occidente: según Bank of America alcanza la cifra de 2000% de deuda desde 1970.
Rusia reanuda suministro de gas a Europa pero disminuido: Gazprom ha empezado a enviar gas a Alemania por NORDSTREAM-1, justo a tiempo, luego que advirtiera que no podría hacerlo a niveles previos. Esto representa un alivio para la UE y una continuidad de la dependencia del gas ruso.
India, Brasil y México con mejores perspectivas en medio de la crisis: estos países tendrían mejores previsiones de crecimiento económico, frente al resto de las economías desarrolladas, impactadas por la crisis económica global.
China considera inaceptables amenazas de EEUU: China se ha pronunciado con respecto a las amenazas del gobierno estadounidense por hacer negocios con Rusia en medio de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales aplicadas a ese país por occidente.
Desbloqueo de los granos ucranianos en la cumbre Rusia-Irán-Turquía: en Teherán para abordar el conflicto sirio, se ha acordado que los granos ucranianos puedan salir por el mar negro escoltados por tropas turcas. En ese mismo contexto petroleras rusas e iraníes firmaron diversos acuerdos para desarrollos conjuntos en Irán.
México, Haití y Venezuela lideran inversiones latinoamericanas en zonas francas de República Dominicana: Venezuela tendría 5 empresas con una inversión de 69 millones de dólares en este país.
Venezuela enviaría petróleo a Europa con pagos por adelantado: el Primer Vicepresidente del PSUV Diosdado Cabello, aseguró que Venezuela estaría dispuesta a enviar petróleo a España y a toda la UE, si esta paga por adelantado, debido a los problemas en el sistema financiero para utilizar los recursos por las medidas coercitivas unilaterales aplicadas contra el país.
Biden acusa al Ministro de Exteriores de Arabia Saudita de mentir: el Ministro de Arabia Saudita, dijo no haber escuchado las acusaciones de Biden al Príncipe heredero, sobre el asesinato del periodista Kashoggi. Todo parece indicar que la gira de Biden no pudo haber dado los frutos esperados, incitando a Arabia Saudita a elevar la producción de Hidrocarburos.
Apple se prepara para una recesión en 2023: la compañía prepara un recorte de gastos para el siguiente año. Esta empresa se suma a Netflix, en las previsiones del impacto de la crisis económica en las empresas tecnológicas.
Es probable que la caída del Euro haya sido una manipulación: conocer anticipadamente la subida de las tasas de interés del BCE, y una reanudación del suministro del gas ruso, habría supuesto a los especuladores a apostar por una bajada del Euro, comprando barato y esperando una remontada entre los 1.07$ y 1.08$.
Halliburton reporta un 41% de ganancia en II Trimestre de 2022: la compañía petrolera habría elevado sus ganancias durante el incremento de los precios del petróleo y gas.
Indicadores más relevantes
Þ Euro: se recupera durante la semana 0.90%
Þ Bitcoin: sube durante la semana 13%
Politicians and academics are divided in India about a new National Education Policy [NEP] 2020 that was approved last week and replaces a 34-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE).
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Cabinet approved the policy Wednesday “making way for large scale, transformational reforms in both school and higher education sectors”.
The policy mentions teaching up to at least grade 5 in the mother tongue or regional language and a focus on “curriculum to integrate Indian culture and ethos at all levels.”
However, there are mixed reactions regarding the new policy.
“On the whole, my sense about the policy is actually it contains many sensible suggestions. The apprehensions like BJP is bringing this policy and it could be saffronisation of education … fortunately this policy is not all about that. I think it is a step forward because many sensible things are there. At the same time I remain deeply skeptical about its implementation by this regime,” Yogendra Yadav, a former academic and national president of political organization Swaraj India told Anadolu Agency, referring to earlier fears that the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party may bring some right-wing Hindu policies to education.
Professor Najma Akhtar, Vice Chancellor of New Delhi based Jamia Millia Islamia, termed the policy “ground-breaking.”
“The higher education in India will now be holistic and multidisciplinary with a shared focus on science, arts and humanities,” she said.
But Pankaj Kumar Garg, a teacher at a college affiliated with New Delhi University and also convenor of Indian National Teachers Congress, said there are many problems in the policy.
“They are encouraging foreign universities to come to India. You need to improve the ranking of local universities. By allowing foreign universities to operate in India on their own norms is permitted in FDIs [foreign direct investment] in education sector,” he said. “Use of technology in New Education Policy would deprive marginalized and economically poor sections from education as they don’t have proper resources required for online education.”
“The policy has advocated major reforms in education, but as always, the devil lies in the details, and we will see how to get the NEP 2020 translated to action on the ground, true to the spirit of the reforms envisaged to empower the students in the country, to discover and fully develop their unique potentials,” Rupamanjari Ghosh, Vice-Chancellor of Shiv Nadar University in Uttar Pradesh was quoted by local news agency Press Trust of India.
Indian ethos
According to the policy document, the NEP “envisions an education system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society.”
“The Policy envisages that the curriculum and pedagogy of our institutions must develop among the students a deep sense of respect towards the Fundamental Duties and Constitutional values, bonding with one’s country, and a conscious awareness of one’s roles and responsibilities in a changing world,” it said.
Many organizations affiliated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)- powerful Hindu far-right group and ideological inspiration for the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have welcomed the NEP saying their suggestions were included, including remaining in India’s Ministry of Human Resource Development.
Two such outfits are Bharatiya Shikshan Mandal (BSM) and Shiksha Sanskriti Utthan Nyas.
“Almost all the things which were suggested by Bharatiya Shikshan Mandal have found place in NEP. We have been demanding renaming the HRD [Human Resource Development] ministry to education ministry and cultural ministry. They have changed the name to the education ministry,” Shankaranand BR who is All India Joint Organising Secretary, BSM told Anadolu Agency. “The NEP – 2020 would prove itself an instrumental in making Bharat Aatmnirbhar. The political independence we got on 15th August 1947 but the academic independence we got on 29th July 2020”.
He said the inclusion of «Bharatiya knowledge system, thrust for language and culture, will imbibe the values of life, constitutional values and life skills in new generation.»
“We welcome the policy. There is an integrated approach in the policy and It has talked about the development of students from all sections of the society. It has stressed on local culture, local skills, and traditional arts. Local, state and national has been combined. It has been inculcated in this. The biggest demand of ours was to change the name of the ministry, which has been done. There is also focus about promotion of Indian languages,” Atul Kothari, national secretary of the Shiksha Sanskriti Utthan Nyas told Anadolu Agency
India’s Samajwadi Party (SP) claimed the objective of the new policy was to “implement the RSS agenda.”
«The objective of the new education policy announced by the centre is to implement the agenda of the RSS. According to this agenda, the curriculum will now be presented in a special colour to mould the new generations,” SP President Akhilesh Yadav said in a statement, according to the Press Trust of India.
Indian politician and Communist Party of India-Marxist leader Sitaram Yechury said, “Bypassing Parliament, ignoring opinion of state governments and rubbishing opinions of all stakeholders, Modi government is unilaterally destroying our education system,” he said.
‘Shining example’
Modi said the framing of NEP 2020 will be remembered as a shining example of participative governance.
“I thank all those who have worked hard in the formulation of the NEP 2020. May education brighten our nation and lead it to prosperity,” he tweeted.
“Respecting the spirit ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’, the NEP 2020 includes systems to promote Indian languages, including Sanskrit. Many foreign languages will also be offered at the secondary level. Indian Sign Language (ISL) will be standardised across the country.”
Source of the notice: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/education/india-mixed-reactions-to-new-education-policy/1930132
Asia/India/24-05-2020/Author and Source: www.bbc.com
Tens of thousands of daily-wage migrant workers suddenly found themselves without jobs or a source of income when India announced a lockdown on 24 March.
Overnight, the cities they had helped build and run seemed to have turned their backs on them, the trains and buses which should have carried them home suspended.
So with the looming fear of hunger, men, women and children were forced to begin arduous journeys back to their villages – cycling or hitching rides on tuk-tuks, lorries, water tankers and milk vans.
For many, walking was the only option. Some travelled for a few hundred kilometres, while others covered more than a thousand to go home.
They weren’t always alone – some had young children and others had pregnant wives, and the life they had built for themselves packed into their ragtag bags.
Many never made it. Here, the BBC tells the story of just a handful of the hundreds who have lost their lives on the road home.
Sanju Yadav and her daughter Nandini
Image captionRajan Yadav, his wife Sanju and their two children wanted to make it big in Mumbai
Sanju Yadav and her husband, Rajan, and their two children – Nitin and Nandini – arrived in India’s financial capital, Mumbai, a decade ago with their meagre belongings and dreams of a brighter future.
Her children, she hoped, would thrive growing up in the city.
«It was not like she didn’t like the village life,» Rajan explained. «She just knew that Mumbai offered better opportunities for all of us.»
Indeed, it was Sanju that encouraged Rajan to push himself.
«I used to do an eight-hour shift in a factory. Sanju motivated me do something more, so we bought a food cart and started selling snacks from 16:00 to 22:00.
«She pushed me to think big, she used to say that having our business was way better than a job. Job had a fixed salary, but business allowed us to grow.»
Two years ago, all the hard work seemed to be paying off. Rajan used his savings and a bank loan to buy a tuk-tuk. The vehicle-for-hire brought more money for Sanju and her family.
But then came coronavirus.
Image captionThousands of people have left the cities
The couple first heard Prime Minister Narendra Modi talk about the virus on TV on 19 March. A full, three-week lockdown was announced less than a week later.
They used up most of their savings to pay rent, repay the loan and buy groceries in March and April. They were hoping that the city would reopen in May, but then the lockdown was extended again.
Out of money and options, they decided to go back to their village in Jaunpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. They applied for tickets on the special trains that were being run for migrants, but had no luck for a week.
Desperate and exhausted, they decided to undertake the 1,500-km long journey in their tuk-tuk. The family-of-four left Mumbai on 9 May.
Image captionMany were travelling with small children
Rajan would drive from 05:00 to 11:00. He would then rest during the day, and at 18:00 the family would be back on the road until 23:00. «We ate whatever dry food we had packed and slept on pavements. The prospect of being in the safety of our village kept us going,» he says.
But in the early hours of 12 May – just 200km from their village – a truck rammed into the tuk-tuk from behind.
Sanju and Nandini died on the spot. Rajan and Nitin escaped with minor injuries.
«It all ended so quickly,» Rajan says. «We were so close to our village. We were so excited. But I have nothing left now – just a big void.»
He says he can’t help but keep thinking about the train tickets that never came. «I wish I had gotten the tickets. I wish I had never started the journey… I wish I was not poor.»
Lallu Ram Yadav
Image captionLallu Ram Yadav was excited to spend time with his family
Lallu Ram Yadav used to meet his cousin Ajay Kumar every Sunday to reminisce about the village he had left for Mumbai a decade earlier, in search of a better life for his wife and six children.
For 10 years, the 55-year-old had worked as a security guard, 12 hours a day, six days a week.
But his hard work amounted to little once the lockdown began, and the cousins both found their savings quickly ran out.
Lallu Ram called his family to say they were coming home – at least, he would now get to spend time with his children, he said.
And so Lallu Ram and Ajay Kumar joined the desperate scramble to find a way home to the village in Uttar Pradesh’s Allahabad district, some 1,400km away.
But the price demanded by lorry drivers proved too much. Instead, inspired by the migrants walking home they saw on the television, they packed small bags and began the journey on foot with four friends.
Image captionMany migrants say they don’t want to come back to cities
The covered around 400km in the first 48 hours – hitchhiking in lorries along the way. But the journey was more difficult than they had imagined.
«It was really hot and we would get tired quickly,» Ajay Kumar said. «The leather shoes we were wearing were extremely uncomfortable.»
They all had blisters on their feet after walking for a day, but giving up was not an option.
One evening, Lallu Ram started complaining about breathing difficulties. They had just entered Madhya Pradesh state – they still had a long way to go, but they decided to rest for a while before starting again.
Lallu Ram never woke up. When they took him to a nearby hospital, they were told he had died of a cardiac arrest, triggered by exhaustion and fatigue.
Image captionMany found it difficult to find food during their journeys
They didn’t know what to do with the body. An ambulance was going to take five to eight hours to reach them.
The group had around 15,000 rupees ($199; £163) between them – half the amount needed to hire a lorry. But one driver agreed to take the rest of the payment later. And that’s how they took the body back home.
Lallu Ram couldn’t fulfil the promise of spending more time with his children.
«The family’s only breadwinner is gone,» says Ajay Kumar. «Nobody helped us. My cousin didn’t have to die – but it was a choice between hunger and the long journey.
«We poor people often have to pick the best from several bad choices. It didn’t work out for my cousin this time. It seldom works out for poor people like him.»
Sagheer Ansari
Image captionSagheer Ansari was an expert tailor but had lost his job recently
Sagheer and Sahib Ansari were good tailors. They never struggled to find work in Delhi’s booming garment factories – until the lockdown.
Within days, they lost their jobs. The brothers thought things would go back to normal in a few weeks and stayed put in their tiny one-room house.
When their money ran out, they asked family members in the village for help. When the lockdown was further extended in May, their patience ran out.
«We couldn’t have asked the family for more money. We were supposed to help them, not take money from them,» Sahib says.
They would wait in queues for food being distributed by the government. But, Sahib says, it was never enough and they always felt hungry.
So the brothers discussed the idea of going back to their village in Motihari district in Bihar state, some 1,200km from Delhi.
Image captionSagheer has left behind his wife and three young children
They and their friends decided to buy used bicycles, but could only afford six for eight people. So they decided that they would all take turns to ride pillion.
They left Delhi in the early hours of 5 May. It was a hot day and the group felt tired after every 10km.
«Our knees would hurt, but we kept pedalling. We hardly got a proper meal and that made it more difficult to pedal,» Sahib says.
After riding for five days, the group reached Lucknow – the capital of Uttar Pradesh. It had been two days since they had had a proper meal and they were mostly surviving on puffed rice.
«All of us were very hungry. We sat on a road divider to eat because there was hardly any traffic,» he says.
Image captionMany migrants have had to travel in overcrowded lorries
But then a car came out of nowhere, hitting the barrier and striking Sagheer. He died in a hospital a few hours later.
«My world came crashing down,» Sahib says. «I had no idea what I was going to tell his two children and his wife.
«He used to love home-cooked food and was looking forward to it. He died without having a proper meal for days.»
Sahib eventually reached home with his brother’s body, brought by an ambulance. But he couldn’t mourn with his family for long, as he was put into a quarantine centre right after the burial.
«I don’t know who to blame for his death – coronavirus, hunger or poverty. I have understood one thing: I will never leave my village. I will make less money but at least I will stay alive.»
Balram and his friend, Naresh Singh
Image captionNaresh Singh with his wife (standing to his right) and children
Jaikrishna Kumar, 17, regrets encouraging his father Balram to come home after the lockdown started.
Balram was from a village in Bihar’s Khagadia district, but was working in Gujarat – one of the states worst-hit by the coronavirus – when much of India closed down in March.
He and his friend Naresh Singh, a maintenance worker for mobile phone towers, were both working hard so their sons back in Bihar could have better futures. Balram wanted Jaikrishna to go to college, Nikram wanted his sons to become government officers.
They started their journey on foot, but about 400km into it, policemen helped them and others to hitch a ride in a lorry.
The «ride» involved them all being precariously perched on top of cargo – a common sight on Indian highways.
Image captionPeople have taken extreme risks to get home
But this time, the driver lost control in Dausa town in Rajasthan state, ramming the lorry into a tree.
Both Naresh and Balram died in the accident.
Now Jaikrishna Kumar says he will probably have to quit studying and find a job to support the family.
«The accident took away my father and my dreams of getting an education. I wish there was another way. I don’t like the idea of going to a city to work, but what other option do I have?
«My father wanted me to break the cycle of poverty. I don’t know how to do it without him.»
Source and Image: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52672764
Asia/India/29-03-2020/Author and Source: www.bbc.com
India’s prime minister, Narendra Modi, suddenly announced on 23 March that the entire country would be put under lockdown. This left many delivery services and vendors of essential services unprepared, leading to confusion and clashes between police and their staff in many areas. The BBC’s Vikas Pandey reports.
Suresh Shah and his brother, Ramprasad, have been selling vegetables in the Delhi suburb of Noida for more than 15 years.
Their daily routine involves picking up vegetables from a wholesale market in the morning and then selling them in their small carts in the evening.
It’s a standard day for millions of vegetable sellers across the country. But on Tuesday, the brothers’ routine was brutally broken.
‘Hit so hard I’m struggling to sit’
The brothers picked up their vegetables at 06:00 and reached their homes an hour later. They stocked their carts and went out that evening as usual.
But almost immediately, police officers approached their cart and started shouting at them using abusive language.
Image copyrightGETTY IMAGESImage captionMillions of people earn money in India from selling vegetables
Suresh tried to explain, but before he realised what was happening, one of the policemen hit him hard with a baton. He was struck a few more times and then forced to pack up his cart and leave.
It meant a loss of around 3,000 rupees ($40; £32) because he couldn’t sell anything.
«I was hit so hard that even today I am struggling to sit. But what hurts even more is that it was a huge loss for me as I only make around 300 rupees every day in profits,» he said.
Vegetable sellers like him were «used to harassment by the police», he added.
«But this time they beat us up when we were genuinely trying to help. I know the risk of coronavirus and that is why our role is more important now than ever,» he added.
His brother said they took a break for a day and returned to the market.
«We need to go out and make money for our families. But more importantly, people need supplies and we are helping them stay indoors. We need support and not beatings and abuses,» said Ramprasad Shah.
‘We’re not the enemy here’
Their story is not unique. Similar incidents were reported in several states in the days immediately following the lockdown. Delhi police even suspended one officer who allegedly beat up a vegetable seller.
But quite apart from police, vendors have also faced harassment from Resident Welfare Associations (RWA) – non-government local groups that look after the upkeep of neighbourhoods and housing societies.
Rajesh Kumar was told by an RWA that he couldn’t sell fruits in the colony.
Image captionRajesh Kumar says he wants to help people cope with the lockdown
«Some people told me that I go to crowded wholesale vegetable markets and I may have picked up an infection. But the same people also want door-step delivery at their houses. Why are we being treated like this?» he asked.
«We are trying to help people stay indoors. We are not the enemy here.»
Lockdown breaks link in supply chain
Vendors like Rajesh and the Shah brothers are the backbone of India’s supply chain of essential goods, especially in small towns and villages.
They bring vegetables, fruit, grain, bread and milk to millions of houses every day. But the lockdown has broken this crucial link in the supply chain.
For the 21-day lockdown period to be a success, this network of doorstep sellers needs to work and know how to be protected against the virus.
A number of state governments have announced that vendors will get passes, warning police not to stop them going about their business.
Image copyrightGETTY IMAGESImage captionThousands of people have walked long distances to reach their villages after the shutdown
HC Awasthy, chief police officer in India’s most populous state, Uttar Pradesh, told the BBC that «this is an unprecedented challenge».
«There were a few stray incidents in the first two days. We largely enforced the shutdown peacefully. Policemen have been told to be calm and patient with people. This situation is new for everybody,» he said.
His force’s top priority, he said, was to «work with district administrations to ensure people are getting essentials».
«We have to avoid mass gatherings anywhere – be it a shop, a bank or any other place. We are in this together, so I urge people to to be patient with the police as well.»
Delivery services caught up in lockdown
But it’s not just vendors. App-based delivery services are also relied on by many for essential items.
However, even these companies were hit by the first three days of the lockdown.
Their delivery executives were beaten up and harassed across the country, forcing many of them to temporarily suspend services.
Image captionAmazon has struggled to deliver goods in India
Dairy-and-produce delivery app Milk Basket said it was forced to dump 15,000 litres of milk and 10,000 kg of vegetables on Monday as its «staff, vendors and vehicles [were] being pushed back from the roads by local police».
Pradeep Kumar Mittal, who works with a milk delivery app, said he had been stopped by the police several times.
«I had to beg and plead at several check points and I felt humiliated. But now I have a pass and it has made things a bit easier,» he said.
Image captionBig Basket wasn’t delivering goods to new customers until Thursday
But not every vendor has a pass. India’s bureaucracy is now under mounting pressure to ensure doorstep deliveries get through.
Otherwise there is a risk of panic and overcrowding in shops that are allowed to open.
When Mr Modi announced the lockdown on Tuesday night, people poured into shops, ignoring social distancing.
K Ganesh, co-promoter of produce delivery app Big basket as well as medical equipment firm Portea, said the lockdown was the right decision because there was no other option.
Image captionMany are stuck at railway stations after travel services were suspended on Tuesday
«How does a policeman understand the necessity of the service? By nature, he is used to seeing a pass or a permit and if he does not see it, he thinks you are a crook and he beats you up,» he told BBC Hindi.
Two Portea executives who were carrying medical equipment were allegedly beaten up by the police in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh states.
Another executive was arrested for breaking the curfew. He is now out on bail.
Image captionMany streets vendors say they want to continue working during the lockdown to help people
«We are sitting in our homes and there are [delivery] guys who are trying to help people. Instead of going to their villages, they are ready to go out and work, but they are caught and beaten up,» he said.
Authorities have said those delivering essential services will not be stopped, but challenges remain.
Some of the apps are back online, but only partially. Many workers have abandoned the cities and towns they work in to return to their villages – sometimes on foot as public transport has been suspended.
But many others are soldiering on despite the added burden. All they ask for is to be allowed to do their jobs.
As Suresh Shah put it: «You don’t beat up the people who are trying to feed you.»
Source and Image: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52063286
Asia / 23 de junio de 2019 / Autor: Redacción / Fuente: HispanTV
Los ciudadanos de los países asiáticos dedican más tiempo a leer que los de ninguna otra región del mundo. La India encabeza la lista, seguida por Tailandia, China y Filipinas, mientras Egipto, la República Checa y Rusia ocupan los lugares de quinto a séptimo, respectivamente.
El escalafón continúa, por orden, con Suecia, Francia, Hungría, Arabia Saudí, Hong Kong y Polonia. Los países latinoamericanos cuyos ciudadanos leen más son Venezuela (6,4 horas por semana), Argentina (5,9), México (5,5) y Brasil (5,2). Para España, esta cifra es de 5,8 horas semanales.
Esta información procede del último estudio realizado por World Culture Score Index, con entrevistas personales en profundidad hechas a más de 30.000 personas mayores de 13 años de 30 países de todo el mundo. Los datos muestran que el promedio mundial de tiempo dedicado a la lectura por persona y por semana es de 6,5 horas.
Mapa que muestra el promedio de lectura en el mundo.
México / 23 de junio de 2019 / Autor : Carlos Ornelas / Fuente: Excelsior
Una de las conclusiones generales es que no hay recetas infalibles, que las condiciones para el logro efectivo de reformas educativas dependen de innumerables factores, donde —aun las más exitosas— tienen fracasos temporales. El resultado nunca es final, implica una cadena de acciones —políticas e institucionales—, donde las relaciones entre la burocracia y los maestros, por lo regular, son conflictivas
La semana pasada se llevó a cabo un simposio multinacional con el título de este artículo. El cónclave se llevó a cabo en el Centro Internacional de Estudios Pedagógicos, con el patrocinio del Ministerio Francés de Educación. Alain Bouvier, editor jefe de la Revue Internationale d’éducation de Sèvres, y Marie-José Sanselme, segunda de a bordo, convocaron a un grupo ecuménico donde había exaltos funcionarios, académicos, inspectores escolares y docentes de varios niveles.
Los trabajos se distribuyeron en mesas generales y seis talleres. La organización fue acertada, con un uso eficaz del tiempo. El simposio abrió con una conferencia de Jean-Michel Blanquer, ministro de Educación y de la Juventud de Francia. Los presentes aplaudimos que ofreciera una conferencia con los temas de la convocatoria y que no aprovechara el espacio para hablar o presumir sus programas; ofreció un panorama global. No dictó línea, pero resumió los fines del encuentro.
Los organizadores brindaron un panorama global y, a la vez, ordenaron en talleres la exposición de casos nacionales o sectoriales de países tan diversos como Chile y Corea, Senegal y México, Italia y Burkina Faso, India y Costa de Marfil, Mali y Estados Unidos, China y Canadá, Hong Kong y Portugal, Suiza y Polonia, Nueva Zelanda y Marruecos, Suecia y Ecuador, Inglaterra y Cataluña, Sudáfrica y Francia. Además, participaron representantes de organismos intergubernamentales y organizaciones francófonas de diversa naturaleza. ¡Y todo cupo en dos y medio días de trabajo!
Los relatores de mesas y el cronista general trabajaron horas extra y al final del simposio tenían un informe comprensivo de la pluralidad de asuntos que se trataron y de ejemplos relevantes de reformas educativas.
Una de las conclusiones generales es que no hay recetas infalibles, que las condiciones para el logro efectivo de reformas educativas dependen de innumerables factores, donde —aun las más exitosas— tienen fracasos temporales. El resultado nunca es final, implica una cadena de acciones —políticas e institucionales—, donde las relaciones entre la burocracia y los maestros, por lo regular, son conflictivas. Una trama que parece ser general es que hay una especie de reforma permanente.
También se discutió que los actores defienden posiciones políticas e ideológicas a la vez que protegen intereses de grupo o de partido político. No hay reformas neutras, todas persiguen propósitos, unos, manifiestos; otros, implícitos. Calidad y equidad son fines generales de muchas campañas que incluyen particularidades, como la incorporación de niñas o búsqueda de fondos para paliar la escasez. Los recursos económicos siempre son insuficientes.
Todas las reformas se libran en contextos políticos particulares, pero el ambiente global influye en su ejecución. En todas, sin excepción, los maestros son los actores principales, ya como ejecutores, ya como freno a las innovaciones que proponen los reformadores.
En la relatoría general, Jean-Marie de Ketele esbozó tipologías de las reformas. Un tema en el que no se ha discutido mucho en la bibliografía internacional es responder para quién se hacen las reformas. Un asunto apasionante que me movió a pensar modos de abordaje para analizar las mexicanas de los últimos seis lustros.
Una de las condiciones generales para el éxito de las reformas en educación es la continuidad y la administración del tiempo. Las reformas que han logrado calar en el sanctum de la educación —el salón de clases— y en la cultura magisterial tomaron décadas. Se lanzaron, se adaptaron estrategias tras de valorar sus resultados, pero se mantuvieron los propósitos, a pesar de cambios en los gobiernos.
Las reformas de este nuestro país fueron prisioneras del tiempo mexicano (seis años). Sospecho que la del actual gobierno padece el mismo síndrome.
Recomendamos la lectura del portal Otras Voces en Educación en su edición del día domingo 23 de junio de 2019. Esta selección y programación la realizan investigador@s del GT CLACSO «Reformas y Contrarreformas Educativas», la Red Global/Glocal por la Calidad Educativa, organización miembro de la CLADE y el Observatorio Internacional de Reformas Educativas y Políticas Docentes (OIREPOD) registrado en el IESALC UNESCO.
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